The Background And Background Of Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King Background: Martin Luther King Jnr was a strong leader and activist in the Civil Rights Movement in America. He was also an American pastor, humanitarian and leader of the African/ American civil rights movement. Martin Luther King led non- violent protests to fight for the rights of all people including African /Americans in the 1950s and 1960s. His dream was that America and the world would become a nonracist society where someone’s race would not impact on their civil rights and way of life. He was one of the great speakers of modern times and his speeches still inspire and impact many people all around the world to this day. King was born on the January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia. His father was a pastor at the†¦show more content†¦King encouraged Montgomerys African American community to boycott the citys public transportation, demanding equal rights for all citizens on public transportation. After a year-long boycott, a United States District Court ruling in Browder v. Gayle banned racial segregation on all Montgomery public buses. In many ways, the Montgomery bus boycott kicked off a national struggle to eliminate racial discrimination, with King leading the way. Goals : By drawing nation-wide attention to segregation, King became a core organizer, one of the Big Six, of the famous 1963 March on Washington, which demanded political and economic justice for all Americans. It was a public opportunity for King and his cohorts to place their concerns and grievances before the nations capital, as expressed by King in his renowned I Have a Dream speech. The March on Washington not only led to the passage of significant civil rights legislation, but it also allowed King to advocate for other human rights causes like poverty and workers rights. Outcomes : King was the youngest person to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 because of his passion and commitment he put into trying to eliminate racism. King, a Baptist minister and civil-rights activist, had a large impact on race relations in the United States. Among his many efforts, King headed theShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King J. And Malcolm X Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pagesactivists were Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. They were both influential leaders of the civil rights movement who strove for a common goal, which was to create equality for African Americans. Although Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X were both authoritative figures in the African-American civil rights movement, they differed significantly in their social backgrounds, religious beliefs, and ideologies, which affected their philosophies. The differences in Martin Luther King Jr. and MalcolmRead More Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr. Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesMalcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  African Americans are fortunate to have leaders who fought for a difference in Black America. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X are two powerful men in particular who brought hope to blacks in the United States. Both preached the same message about Blacks having power and strength in the midst of all the hatred that surrounded them. Even though they shared the same dream of equality for their people, the tactics they implied to make these dreamsRead MoreMartin Malcolm : A Dream Or A Nightmare951 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Martin Malcolm America Peace† If one man never steps forward to show all the others that change is possible, nothing will ever change. When you look back at history of the American civil rights movement, Malcolm X and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. are still often two of the first names even someone of today’s society may think of. They were, and still are, some of the most influential men to ever live. As young African-American men living during a time of harsh global, but most importantlyRead MoreLeaders of The Civil Rights Movement970 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. Michael King was an amazing Civil Rights movement leader. At a young age he knew racism was not only bad against his race, but was against God’s will. He was raised with the church background of The Dexter Avenue Baptist Church of Montgomery. Martin Luther King Jr. believed everyone was equal, he fought for African American rights, and spoke for equality until the end. Martin Luther King Jr. always knew everyone was equal. No matter what race you are, you are just as equalRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. What Was The Point Of Segregation711 Words   |  3 PagesHook: In the days of August 1963, Martin Luther king Jr did a march down a Washington D.C street that was very important to the united states to stop most legalized segregation. This was the point of discrimination that Martin Luther King Jr has faced. Background: This is part of the march on washington for jobs and freedom. The march is to help make segregation illegal. Segregation was a law made during jim crow laws times when he thought that blacks didn’t deserve to go to school or work withRead More Some Lead, Some Follow, Others Change the World1114 Words   |  5 Pagesthis unjust treatment. One man in particular stands out the most throughout this movement of change: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s form of protesting was the more effective than activist Malcolm X and was the reason for the majority of success during the Civil Rights movement. This is because Malcolm X’s cause would only slow progress during the movement, Martin Luther King Jr. had more authority, and he understood that peaceful protesting is the very genesis of redefining a nationRead MoreMalcolm X And Martin Luther King Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesWhen it comes to the American Civil Rights Movement, Martin Luthe r King Jr. has often been portrayed prominence. Though this is true, the Civil Rights Movement involved other activists like Malcolm X, Rosa Parks, Andrew Goodman, etc. Who all contributed to its success. Racism has always been a problem right from the United States’ creation. It involved discrimination and segregation of non-white races, and refusal to recognize and protect non-white citizenship rights enumerated in the constitutionRead MoreMartin Luther Kings Impact On The Civil Rights Movement1030 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr. was an American priest, activist, and important leader in the African-American Civil Rights movement. His main hope was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States, and he has become a human rights icon. King was a Baptist minister and activist. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president. King s efforts led to the 1963 March o n Washington, where King delivered hisRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement712 Words   |  3 PagesAmericans managed to solve their conflict and resolution through acts of non-violence and struggle. Even though the actions taken by Malcolm X were of good intentions, they ended up causing a ripple between African Americans. On the other hand Martin Luther King Jr. identified that if people were going to respond to hatred with more hatred then there will be little chances for change and substance which was never understood by Malcolm. He was, of course, powerful and strong as an Africa American commandingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech994 Words   |  4 Pages On August 28th, 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered a speech to more than 200,000 people during the March on Washington. Kings speech was one of the most influential during the era of the Civil Rights Movement and is to this day recognized as a masterpiece due to its effect on t he audience as well as for its eloquence and language. Many components went into this passionate speech that portrayed Kings hopes for racial equality and a brighter future made the speech as moving as it was. It

Television Advertisement - 789 Words

Television can be used to demonstrate the product in action, or to use colour and sound to build an atmosphere around the product, thus enhancing its image (Fahy Jobber, 2006). The emphasis for this thesis will be television advertisements, because of the many elements of television, sound, colour, sight and motion that aid the presentation of the message. Also the fact that Brassington and Pettitt (2000) argue that television is better for creating an advertisement message with emotional appeals, contributes to our concentration to television advertisements. The degree of television advertisement standardization/adaptation at the international level refers mainly to the manipulation by the manager of the promotional mix elements†¦show more content†¦Chandra’s et al. (2002) research suggests that cross-market consumer variations may necessitate unique decisions about adaptations in an advertisement’s theme, slogan, idiomatic expressions, symbols and colours. F urthermore, Chandra et al. (2002) state that for a firm to maximize profits fully, it must adapt their advertising campaigns to the needs of its specific international target market. 2.1 Elements in Television Advertising Melewar and Vemmervik (2004) found in their research that the visual and verbal elements of advertising are particularly sensitive to/and are more dependent on cultural differences. They continue with saying that the use of local language, models and scenery increases the probability for the advertisement to be effective. Laroche and Teng (2006) added another element appeal, which will add another dimension to our research and provide a more comprehensive and clear picture of the research area. Appeals Advertising appeals are defined as message designed to motivate customers to make a purchase. (Mueller, 1992) According to Laroche and Teng (2006) the most basic elements associated with advertising are the choice of appeal. Kelley and Turley (1997) state that advertising appeals are commonly categorize into two broad types, rational and emotional appeal. Laroche and Teng (2006) further argue that when culturalShow MoreRelatedSocial Influence of Television Advertisement on Children a Case Study of Selected Primary Schools in Somolu Local Government Area9371 Words   |  38 Pageschange. Today’s children are unique in many ways from previous generations, but perhaps the most influencing on our young children today is Television advertisements.   Today, everywhere we go we see some type of advertisement. A sale at the supermarket or a billboard for a radio station, are two of the many forms of advertisement. Currently, advertisements that target children are very controversial. However, advertising to children does not only bring in funds from the children but more importantlyRead MoreSample Chapter 1 thesis1536 Words   |  7 PagesBut most of the products were advertised on television because of its various senses being practiced. And in that matter the audience will be able to learn and inform more easily. Advertisers use many different techniques to get people to notice there adverts. Some advertisements used the popularity of a person, for example, they tend to hire artist for endorsing products so that viewers will easily fall to grab the said product. Television advertisement has a great impact when it comes to decisionRead MoreAnalysis of 3 Advertisements by a large Financial Products Essay880 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Three Advertisements by a large Financial Products/ Services Marketer Date: 28 February, 2014 Prepared For: Shahriar Kabir Assistant Professor, IBA-JU Course Instructor Prepared By: Golam Tarek Hasan Id: 2012-01-045 Jahangir Nagar University Institute of Business Administration WMBA Programme, Spring 2014 FIN 513/MKT 512: Financial Products Marketing Analysis of the Advertisement of Eastern Bank Ltd NRB TVC 2009 At first a past television advertisement of EasternRead MoreAnalysis Of An Advertisement On Advertising1073 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of an Advertisement In people lives, they often see advertisements everywhere. People have different views. Some people think that ads can help them know the new products faster, and also they will provide more information about the new products for audiences. Consumers will choose things well by comparing the products. It’s very convenient for audiences. However, some people don t support ads. Because there are too many ads and they may make people feel bored and unhappy. Some adsRead MoreThe Topic Of Advertising And How It Affects Young Children1756 Words   |  8 Pagesyoung children. Advertising of all types, including television commercials are large part of everyday life. Through commercials and other advertising, agencies and companies introduce their product or services to people of all ages, including young children. Many people do not realize these advertisements truly have a profound effect on the development of young children. Advertisers understand that reaching children thr ough these advertisements will increase their profits dramatically and do soRead MoreReality Vs. Fantasy : Today s Modern World1459 Words   |  6 Pagesthat portrays older people than young on their ads. The magazine advertisement that I chose called Burberry London portrays young couples with the newest clothing trends. These couples both looked very classy, charming, romantic, calm, and bold with different personalities. Burberry London product line features interactive models/celebrities, perfumes, bags and many other brands/accessories. Due to ads that are shown on television, people, especially young adults are more likely to buy whatever isRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives1533 Words   |  7 Pagesthis. Microsoft’s â€Å"Empowering† advertisement is a short minute long television advertisement released in 2014, that attempts to demonstrate the importance of technology in today’s society and displays their initiative, as a leading technologi cal company, of â€Å"empowering us all† in today’s society. â€Å"Empowering† was released in early 2014, during the Super Bowl, as a part of Microsoft’s â€Å"#Empowering† campaign in mainly United States and across the world. The advertisement was praised as a successful adRead MoreRhetorical Analysis- Snuggie715 Words   |  3 PagesMotivated Sequence The Snuggie is a soft, cozy, one piece blanket with sleeves that is available in 3 different colors. Awareness of this product is now worldwide due to its widely spread television commercials and advertisements. The Snuggie commercial is not one of the favored commercials in television today. It does not contain much to gain the attention of the viewer as most commercials do however after analyzing the commercial one might come to find that it is organized according to Monroe’sRead MoreImpact of Global and Local Media Advertisement on Children2533 Words   |  11 PagesIMPACT OF GLOBAL AND LOCAL MEDIA ADVERTISEMENT ON CHILDREN Submitted by: S.BHAVANA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION ACHARIYA ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE VILLIANUR, PUDUCHERRY 9976228555 sbhavana.bala@gmail.com Submitted To: Professor. Govindaraju Head of the Department Department of Communication Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Tirunelveli - 627 012 E-mail ID : actconference2012@gmail.com Submitted for: (ACT-TNP Annual Conference on GlobalisationRead More TV Advertising Essay1232 Words   |  5 Pagesexpense of television, everyone is influenced by advertising. One of the most powerful forms of advertising is in the advent of television. Since its inception, advertisers have viewed television as their most powerful tool. Television provides an excellent avenue for companies to sell and promote their products. There are fewer and fewer people living today who were around when television was not. Todays generation was raised entirely on television! Since the 1940s, television has been an

Diabetic Management Plan Free Essays

string(192) " shows that tightly controlling blood sugar levels can prevent the development and progression of small blood vessel \(microvascular\) disease and nerve disease \(neuropathy\) \(Wendt 2009\)\." Diabetes Mellitus is a disease known to humans since the ancient times. Hieroglyphics of Egypt, which dated back in 1500 BC, illustrated symptoms of diabetes. During this time, people depicted diabetes to be type 2 only and type 1 diabetes is a newly discovered disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Diabetic Management Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, this has been made clear by researches and studies that type 2 diabetes is different from type 1 diabetes (Hanas 2007). In the present, cases of diabetes continuously rise especially cases of type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an insulin dependent diabetes that is common to children and teenagers. Here, the body totally does not produce insulin rendering the glucose useless for an individual (Fox and Kilvert 2007). The glucose level on the blood rises and affects certain body functions making the individual seek medical attention. Diabetes has no cure. When one has diabetes, he or she has it for lifetime. However, certain ways in managing diabetes, whether it is type 1 or type 2, are found but with consideration to medication, activity, and diet. Strict adherence to medication regimen is useful in preventing the development of diabetic complications. Regular exercise or physical activity as well as proper eating habits is also proven to help lower blood sugar levels making it controllable. In addition, frequent monitoring of blood glucose will allow an individual to anticipate and act in response to the previously read glucose level. The Case of Jodie Jodie is a 17-year-old girl who has just been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes following admission to the local Emergency Department in DKA. She is currently studying year 12 at high school, plays netball every Saturday afternoon and enjoys going to parties with her friends. Jodie weighs 55kg with a BMI of 20. She lives happily at home with her parents and older brother. Jodie has been commenced on a basal bolus insulin regimen using Humalog and Levemir. Nutritional Management Managing diet is also a key factor in proper management of diabetes. It is important to emphasize to the client and the family that the client is not taking a diabetic diet but rather a balanced meal. Emphasis must also be considered on the ethnicity of the client as well as cultural and religious background of the patient. Before taking these into considerations, it is important to know the basic caloric intake of the client. By multiplying the weight of the Jodie in pounds (121 lbs) to 10 (constant multiplier for female), you will come up with a total of 1210. This is the basic caloric need of Jodie. Multiplying the basic caloric need (1210) with 0. 40 (constant multiplier for rigorous activity) will come up with a resulting activity based caloric needs (605). Calories for digestion can also be calculated by multiplying the sum of basic caloric intake and activity based caloric needs (1210 + 605) to 0. 10 (constant number). The result would be 181. 5. Lastly, compute for the total daily caloric intake by summing up the basic caloric intake, activity based caloric intake, and calories needed for digestion (1210 + 605 + 181. 5). The result would be 1996. 5. This is the caloric needs of Jodie every Saturday since she is engaged in netball and partying with her friends. On the other hand, the caloric intake of Jodie from Monday to Friday and Sunday would be 1863. 4. Upon computing the daily caloric intake of Jodie, it can be concluded that energy needs varies among individuals on a daily basis, and depends greatly on the age, gender, and ethnicity (â€Å"How to Calculate Your Total Daily Calorie Needs † 2010). Smart, Aslander-van Vliet and Waldron (2009) proposed how total caloric intake must be distributed: Carbohydrates must constitute about 50-55%; fats must be 30-35%; protein must be 10-15%; and sucrose must be 10%. Therefore, Jodie must have a carbohydrate intake of 931. 7-1024. 87 calories (M-F, Sun) and 998. 25-1098. 08 calories(Sat); fat intake of 559. 02-654. 19 calories (M-F, Sun) and 598. 5-698. 78 calories (Sat); protein intake of 186. 34-279. 51 calories (M-F, Sun) and 199. 65-299. 48 calories (Sat); and sucrose intake of 186. 34 (M-F, Sun) and 199. 65 (Sat). When taking carbohydrate rich food, it might be necessary to include healthy sources like vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, and low fat milk. Take into consideration other alternatives for the source of food by consulting the carbohydrate exchange table, cabohydrate counting and the use of glycemic load and index. In the consumption of fat, food with saturated fat must be limited to less than seven percent of total caloric intake. Every week, two or more servings of fish is permissible but with exemption to the commercially produced fish fillet (American Diabetes Association 2007). Replace saturated fats with monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids through the use of low fat dairy products, lean meats, olive and sesame seed oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, and soybean oil. Encourage intake of protein from vegetables (legumes) and animals (lean meat, fish, low dairy products) because it promotes growth and is a good source of nitrogen for the body. Take also into consideration that the salt intake of the client must be less than 6 grams per day. Advise those individuals who prepare the food that they should avoid adding salt in cooking and in meals. In addition, excessive alcohol should be avoided because it interferes with gluconeogenesis resulting to prolonged hypoglycemia. The patient must also be advised to wear identifications about her diabetes, and consume carbohydrates before, during, and after drinking. Drinking, on the other hand, must be done in moderation and must consume drinks with reduced alcohol content. Prevent nocturnal hypoglycemia by consuming carbohydrate-rich bedtime snack. Blood glucose monitoring must be done more often at night until lunchtime of the following day (Smart 2009). Monitoring Patients with Diabetes Knowing that diabetes can lead to some serious complications, it is better if one should know the things that he/she should monitor in order to prevent these complications. One should have vigilant monitoring of blood sugar. Scientific evidence shows that tightly controlling blood sugar levels can prevent the development and progression of small blood vessel (microvascular) disease and nerve disease (neuropathy) (Wendt 2009). You read "Diabetic Management Plan" in category "Management" Since high blood sugar is considered as the culprit to most of the diabetic complications, monitoring blood glucose by the patient is extremely important to prevent consequences from unmonitored blood glucose. Low glucose level may lead to hypoglycemia. Mild hypoglycemia can cause a person to feel uncomfortable and can interfere with his normal functioning. However, severe hypoglycemia can cause seizure, loss of consciousness, and coma (Kelly 2006). Avoiding highs and lows in blood sugar will not only make the patient feel better, but will significantly reduce his/her risk of diabetes complications. Cholesterol levels should also be monitored. A test done to monitor the cholesterol level of a diabetic person is called fasting lipid profile. It is a blood test that measures the total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol levels, and triglyceride levels in the bloodstream. It is also used to assess the risk for the development of coronary artery disease, one of the predisposing factors for heart attack (Kaufman 2010). Knowing that cholesterol affects the blood vessels of the retina and the heart gives the health provider a clue that any significant increase in the level would necessitate immediate monitoring and intervention. If cholesterol is controlled, the risk of developing complications is greatly reduced. Keeping track of blood pressure is important because people who have diabetes tend to have more trouble with high blood pressure than people who do not have the disease. Having both diabetes and high blood pressure can pack a damaging one-two punch as far as increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and eye, kidney and nerve complications (Manzella 2006). Elevated blood pressure increases blood flow into the eye, accelerating diabetic retinopathy (Chous 2006). Knowing the early signs and symptoms are also key in preventing diabetic complications. However, diabetic retinopathy has no early signs and symptoms. Jodie then must be aware of the yearly eye examination that must be done after the preliminary examination within 5 years after the diagnosis of diabetes (â€Å"Diabetes† 2010). Dilated eye examination must be done every year by an optometrist or ophthalmologist knowledgeable about and experienced with diabetes and diabetic eye disease (Chous 2006) in order to know the extent of eye affectation. Both the patient and the health provider should also monitor some signs and symptoms to prevent blindness. Any concern with regard to the patient’s vision must be taken seriously. Be aware if the patient complains of suspended dark spots that interferes with his/her vision. It may indicate blood leak to the vitreous humor, which can lead to blindness. Also, take into consideration the increasing difficulty in performing things that require focus such as reading and sewing. Amputations can also be prevented if the patient has vigilant foot care. Foot care is important since the patient with diabetes has decreased sensation on the lower extremities. Preventive measures would include watching for signs and symptoms of impending ulceration. The patient and the health provider should be aware of any swelling, thick hard skin or corns, and any blisters or breaks on the skin. Take good care of small cuts and abrasions immediately. When choosing shoes, make sure that they fit well and allow the toes to move freely. Another complication of type 1 diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis, the reason why Jodie was rushed to the emergency department. The goal for the management of DKA is the correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalances, restoration of circulating blood volume to normal, and identification and correction of factors that contributes to the development of diabetic ketoacidosis. Correction of circulating blood volume starts with the infusion of 1000 ml of 0. 9 percent sodium chloride for the first hour followed by the infusion of 2000 ml to 8000 ml for the next 24 hours. Assess client’s skin turgor, weight and hematocrit because these will serve as markers for the efficacy of intravenous therapy. Potassium must also be monitored because this electrolyte leaves the cells in ketoacidosis. When dealing with this, several points must be considered during the assessment and intervention phase. Frequently assess the patient’s urine output. Take note of the amount of urine when administering potassium to the client. If the urine is less than 30 ml per hour, halt the administration of the potassium and notify the physician immediately. Continuously monitor the client for signs of hyperkalemia (oliguria, weakness, bradycardia, cardiac arrest) and hypokalemia (weakness, paralytic ileus, cardiac arrest). Hyperkalemia may ensue for the first 4 hours of treatment while hypokalemia may develop after 4 hours up to 24 hours. Monitor the client’s ECG and take note of T wave. Its flattening or inversion may signify hypokalemia while peaking of T wave may indicate hyperkalemia (Brunner, O’Connell Smeltzer and Suddarth, 2008). Medications for Diabetes According to Hanas (2007), the American Diabetes Association instituted the individualization of blood glucose goals, with goals higher to those individuals with frequent hypoglycemic attacks. Suggestions were also made on the level of blood glucose for each age group. Jodie, a 17 year old teenager, belongs to the adolescent group (13-19). It was stated that before meals, an ideal blood glucose level is 5-7 mmol/L or 90-130 mg/dl. At bedtime or overnight, she must have a blood glucose level of 5-8 mmol/L or 90-150 mg/dl. To accomplish this goal, Jodie is prescribed with Humalog and Levemir in order to facilitate the entry of glucose in the cells thereby preventing the increase of glucose level in the blood. Humalog is a fast- or rapid acting insulin analog that takes effect on the body after injecting it. Since it is an analog, it considered as a variation of human insulin and tends to mimic its action from the time it is secreted by the pancreas. When taking this drug, inform the client to use disposable, sterile needles or pen. Rotate the injection sites to prevent complications like lipodystrophy. Take this drug at the same time every day. Allot a 15 minute allowance before taking a meal prior to its administration. To prevent hyperglycemia, take this drug with long acting insulin such as the Levemir (Griffith and Moore 2006). Instruct the patient to seek medical attention immediately if she experiences symptoms such as rash, hive, intense itching, and difficulty in breathing after taking a dose. This suggests an anaphylaxis reaction and is life-threatening. Although infrequent, instruct the patient to take quick-acting sugar such as honey or fruit juice whenever she experiences excessive hunger, cold sweats, cold skin, shakiness, chills, or vision changes. This signifies that she is experiencing low blood sugar or hypoglycemia. On the other hand, Levemir is long-acting, man-made insulin that may last for 24 hours after administration. Instruct patient to use only Levemir when the vial appears to be colorless and clear. Presence of air bubbles is considered normal. However, do not administer the drug if it looks colored, cloudy or thickened. Inject drug into subcutaneous part of the body such as the stomach, thighs, and upper arms. Just like in Humalog, rotate the injection sites to prevent lipodystrophy. The patient may also experience hypoglycemia and its treatment is the same as those of Humalog (Novo Nordisk, Inc. 2009). When taking this drug, instruct her to avoid intake of alcohol as this may increase the effect of insulin resulting to blood glucose problems (Griffith 2006). One should also take note on the time Levemir will take effect. Levemir injected at bedtime or 10 pm (for multiple injection therapy) will have its effect during the night and breakfast. It can also be used as a two dose treatment: one in the morning and one in the dinner. Insulin injected in the morning will take effect on the lunch and afternoon while insulin injected during dinner will take effect on evening and night. Bedtime snack is necessary then to avoid night time hypoglycemia (Hanas 2007). It is also necessary to take insulin before meals. When taking Humalog as pre-breakfast insulin, it is better if Jodie should monitor her blood glucose. The time elapsed before the administration of pre-breakfast insulin depends on the level of blood glucose she has in the morning. Blood Glucose Levels Rapid Acting Insulin (Humalog) Ordinary or Short Acting Insulin mmol/L mg/dl 3 55 After the meal Just before 3 – 5 55 – 90 Just before 15 minutes before 5 – 10 90 – 180 Just before 30 minutes before 10 – 14 180 – 250 10 minutes before 45 minutes before ? 14 ? 250 20 minutes before 60 minutes before Source: Hanas, R. (2007). Type 1 Diabetes in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: How to become an expert on your own diabetes (3rd ed. . United Kingdom: Class Publishing Ltd. Checking blood glucose before lunch is also necessary. When using rapid acting insulin, a blood glucose reading taken two hours after breakfast is enough. Blood Glucose Measure 4 mmol/L 70 mg/dl Decrease the insulin dose at breakfast by one to two units 8 mmol/L 145 mg/dl Increase the insulin dose at breakfast by one to two units Patient experiences cold sweat, hunger, shakiness (signs of hypoglycemia) between breakfast and lunch. Decrease the insulin dose at breakfast by one to two units Source: Hanas, R. (2007). Type 1 Diabetes in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: How to become an expert on your own diabetes (3rd ed. ). United Kingdom: Class Publishing Ltd The Concept of Psychology in Diabetes Adolescence is the time during which an individual attempts to establish their identity and begin involving themselves into sexual relationships. As an adolescent grew, the client will begin to take responsibilities with his or her action. Add up to these responsibilities are those involving their management of diabetes. The challenge here does not only involve the adolescent but also the health care provider and the family itself. Adolescent are in the position wherein they are faced with developmental tasks needed to accomplish in addition to the need of managing their lives with diabetes. Health care providers and family must also consider their actions to make sure that treatment and regimens do not interfere with age-related activities of the adolescent thereby allowing growth and development (Snoek and Skinner 2005). Several complications in diabetes are also found to be associated with poor parental interaction of the adolescent’s diabetes management. DKA is one of these complications. Snoek and Skinner (2005) revealed that individuals belonging to a family that lacks support and warmth are typical to hose patients who have DKA. Moreover, diabetic individuals who have unresolved family problems and lack of parental participation in the treatment have a tendency to belong in this population with DKA. It was also linked that the possibility of child abuse (physical, sexual or social) may be triggering factor an adolescent ran away from home skipping his/her dose of insulin. Another possibility is that an adolescent is undergoing the phase of rebellion or rejection. Lifestyle management for teenagers with diabetes may result to resentful feelings as well as the stage of rejection. Consequently, the adolescent omits his/her insulin dose but this is considered to be part of how an adolescent adopts to his/her life of a diabetic person (Snoek 2005). To provide solutions with this problem, a scheduled telephone call every two to three weeks may be used to provide assistance and support to the patient through the use of problem solving techniques. Motivational interviewing (MI), which is a collaborative approach between patient and the health care provider, can also be utilized. It is a directive approach that aims to resolve patient’s anxiety and ambivalence regarding diabetic management by supporting the adolescent and respecting their decisions regarding diabetes management (Miller and Rollnick 2005). With this, an individual will report less worry and anxiety, and satisfaction with the present life and a more positive outlook (Snoek 2005). Patient Education Approach Educational tools are used to disseminate information and knowledge in order to maximize the management of blood glucose and prevent complications from it. Since no study shows which type of teaching methods is appropriate for education, its approach must be varied but is well adapted to the age of the child and the needs of the family. It must not be too rigid that it invokes confusion and failure resulting to distress and harm on the part of the adolescent and family (Funnel and Anderson 2004). Health education tools may include the use of food pyramid and plate models that will advocate the basics of nutrition and healthy eating habits. Extensive patient education may also be necessary for adolescents and the families to help them estimates the amount of carbohydrates in foods, its exchange or portions. Education can also include guides on how to read food labels and how to recognize the nutritional content of food. Several methods are also instituted to facilitate adolescent’s learning in measuring carbohydrates. Exchange or portion system, carbohydrate counting, and glycemic index and glycemic load are some of these methods (Smart 2009). How to cite Diabetic Management Plan, Essays

Cheating and Plagiarism Its Not Plagiarism, I Essay Example For Students

Cheating and Plagiarism Its Not Plagiarism, I Essay ts Recycling Argumentative Persuasive Essays Its Not Plagiarism, Its Recycling What does plagiarism have to do with Shakespeare, Marlowe, Ovids Metamorphosis, Titus Andronicus, Revenge Tragedies, Adam, Eve and the apple, and The Tempest? All these and many more are the result of plagiarism. There seems to be a great discussion on whether or not Shakespeare is the true author of the plays associated with his name. The internet seems to be full of essays, discussion boards and book reviews all dealing with this particular topic and most of the people submitting them are very forceful and definitive about their positions. In just a few hours of searching I found well over a thousand pages dealing with the original source of the works of art assigned to Shakespeares name. The most disappointing part was that none of the essays I read even suggested the possibility of Shakespeare just borrowing information and topics from other playwrights and authors. They were all mainly interested in the man who actually put the words on paper. Not only did this decrease their usefulness for this particular paper but also they made it seem like the person who wrote the plays down on paper had some particular lawful ownership over them. This was not true though. During the time that Shakespeare was writing plays in England, there were no such laws deeming a play protected by copyright laws. Today, plays are usually published and distributed but in the Elizabethan era, plays were only written enough for the actors to learn their lines. When plays were put on there was usually a large audience. This audience could have included other playwrights and actors who would then remember pieces of what they saw and use them later in their own productions. How could this be copyrighted? Back then, actors were lucky if they did not get stopped by the police while performing a play why would the ideas of a playwright be protected by law? I do not think anyone even cared if the plays were used as resources for other plays. If Shakespeare used a part from one of Marlowes plays, then Marlowe could take some ideas from Shakespeare. Since most of the ideas for plays came from famous works anyway, whos to say that Shakespeares idea was even his own? Ovids Metamorphosis is one of the most referenced works in the plays we have read already in class. It was used in conjunction with the rape and mutilation of Lavinia in Titus Andronicus where, in Titus speech to his daughter in IV, 1, he asked if she was ravished and wronged, as Philomela was. (Shakespeare, 148) Philomela was raped and mutilated too in the famous story. Shakespeare could have used this simile because, undoubtedly, the audience was familiar with Ovids story and could then understand the pure horror of the situation. The Bible has been used as well. In The Revengers Tragedy, the anonymous author has Vindice talking about his mother and how she is just like all other women. He does not have a high opinion of any woman, which is apparent in the very beginning. He expresses this in II, 2 when he says, twas decreed before the world began, that women should be the hooks to catch a man. (Revengers, 120) This is using the old tale of Adam, Eve and the apple. When Eve gives Adam the apple she is setting him up to be a sinner and by this, gets him thrown out of the Garden of Eden. No one seems to be accusing the playwrights of plagiarizing these sources. When they were cited it was just a way for the playwright to add more meaning to the play for the audience. All the stories were well known to the visitors of the theatre so they would understand the references that may have been used for comedic purposes or as a sort of explanation of what has happened. .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f , .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f .postImageUrl , .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f , .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f:hover , .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f:visited , .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f:active { border:0!important; } .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f:active , .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uefb522e032cc91dbee06b41358ba6b4f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Police Brutality EssayAnother source for playwrights is history. As G. B. Harrison points out in his book, England in Shakespeares Day, the plays provide a good place for teaching history. He says: .

Business Decision Making

Amazon has it going on! Essays - Amazon.com, Cloud Infrastructure

Amazon has it going on! Essays - Amazon.com, Cloud Infrastructure Amazon has it going on! April Page, Ian Keane, Luis Wiley, Christine Camacho Lehman, Alma Molina and Nathan Cook BIS 320 August 16, 2015 Buying books online has become popular over the years. So popular that it has started to deplete the existence of local bookstores. Online bookstores such as Amazon are right at your fingertips. Amazon has connected with customers all around the world through the use of internet technology and social media. When you go into a local bookstore, do they offer you customer reviews on the book of your choosing? Do bookstores offer you a list of other books you may be interested in based on your selected choice that day? Do you prefer the feel of a book in your hand or light and compact? Amazon has both to offer as they have introduced e-readers such as Kindle, Kindle fire, and kindle touch. Technology has come a long way, and Amazon is doing everything possible to attract customers attention. Hardware, software, databases and data communications Amazon may not have become the household name that it is without the massive technology driving it. In 2005, Amazon had the three largest Linux databases in the world. Running Oracle 9i database software, the Amazon data warehouse contained 28 Hewlett-Packard servers with four CPUs per node (Layton, 2006). The company expanded rapidly and in 2011, Amazon acquired additional data center sites in Oregon, Northern Virginia, and Ireland. At Amazon Technology Day in 2011, Amazon revealed its plans to expand to an 8-megawatt data center to include 46,000 servers. The company also introduced their Amazon Perdix, a modular data center with vents for cooling management and named after a mythological Greek character known for inventing useful tools (Miller, 2011). The data warehouse is divided by function- historical data, query, and ETL (extract, transform, and load). Their systems carry out millions of back-end operations on a daily basis. Ten years ago, The query servers (24.7 TB capacity) contain 15 TB of raw data in 2005; the click history servers (18.5 TB capacity) hold 14 TB of raw data, and the ETL cluster (7.8 TB capacity) contains 5 TB of raw data. Amazon's technology architecture handles millions of back-end operations every day as well as queries from more than half a million third-party sellers (Layton, 2006). AWS (Amazon Web Services) and S3 (Simple Storage Service) are the two main systems utilized by Amazon.com. Amazons data warehouse is the fastest-growing Amazon Web Services service, allowing companies to transfer data from hardware systems to the cloud (Barlas, 2013). AWS allows sellers who rent the space to build their web-based applications by using the same e-commerce platform as Amazon. In a manner that allows them to manage their customer information as well as gather data in a manner that is cost efficient and reliable. S3, on the other hand, is used primarily to keep and receive data. With the use of Netscape Secure Commerce Server, Amazon stores all credit card information in a separate database that is not the internet accessible and thereby preventing hackers from accessing customers financial information. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is the mainframe of Amazons information system. "Amazon is able to vary its business models easily, because the system is a comprehensive, and decentralized service platform that helps the company sustain its advantage in the industry because of its high performance and scalability" (Koymen, 2012). Smart Analytic Search (SAS), built by Amazon.com, is a system that detects and decreases the possibility of fraud. Additionally, the system is designed to measure and analyze customer data to determine how well they are serving the clientele (Koymen, 2012). With the implementation of SAS, Amazon sets itself apart from the competition in that it leverages the data to make the customer service experience pleasant and user-friendly. In order for interactions to feel individualized and human, they must be well informed. That makes data about the customer youre talking to right now the most useful data of all (Madden, 2012). Internet technologies, collaboration tools, and security In world full of technology and advances, Amazon has led the sales of eBooks since the end of 2014 according to Forbes.com, The proportion of all books sold in the U.S. that are Kindle titles. E-books now make

Marketing Strategy of Pepsi and Coca Cola Essay

Marketing Strategy of Pepsi and Coca Cola - Essay Example For the product itself, flavours are very alike to Coca-Colas. Pepsi have also broadened their product line to include other flavours and brands for example, Mountain Dew and also many different sizes, just as their competitor, to gain a greater segment of the market. In this paper we will study the marketing strategy, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and the future outlook of both the companies and their product. In order to have a full insight into the theme of the marketing strategies we will analyze the two well known brands separately The "Coca-Cola" trademark was registered for the first time in 1893, although it was seven years earlier that pharmacist Dr John Styth created a fragrant caramel-coloured syrup that went on sale as a soda fountain drink in Atlanta, Georgia. Large-scale bottling began in 1894, after the rights to bottle and sell Coca-Cola across most of the US were sold for just US$1. In 1923, Fanta became the first soft drink other than Coca-Cola to be marketed by the company, and in the same year The Coca-Cola Company extended into fruit juices and concentrates with the acquisition of the Minute Maid Corporation, which added frozen citrus concentrates and other drinks, along with the brands Minute Maid and Hi-C to its growing portfolio. Further reclassifications took place over the 2001-2002 period. ... While North America and Latin America remained largely unchanged during this restructuring, with Puerto Rico moving from the latter to the former, the Middle East division was added to Europe and Eurasia, which then changed its name to Europe, Eurasia & Middle East. Simultaneously, Africa and Middle East, less the reclassified Middle East division, reverted to Africa. Furthermore, during the first quarter of 2001, Asia Pacific was renamed Asia, and during the first quarter of 2002, Egypt was reclassified from Europe, Eurasia and Middle East to Africa. The Coca-Cola Company also signed a number of bottling agreements in 2001. In the Philippines, the company acquired Australian-based bottler Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd's 35% interest in Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines Inc. Later in the year, in a joint venture with San Miguel, The Coca-Cola Company acquired the Filipino soft drinks maker Cosmos Bottling Corp. However, the competition in the US bottled water market intensified in the following years and the joint venture failed to live up to expectations in terms of sales. In April 2005 The Coca-Cola Company acquired Danone's stake in CCDA, taking over full control of its US water joint venture. In another venture outside cola-based carbonates in 2002, The Coca-Cola Company announced an agreement with Diageo and Pernod Ricard to acquire the Seagram's Mixers business, located primarily in the US and Mexico. In addition, The Coca-Cola Company also agreed to a long-term global licensing deal with the French company that adds Seagram's well-known brand of mixers, including Ginger Ale, Tonic, Club Soda and Seltzer, to The Coca-Cola Company's growing portfolio of non-alcoholic beverages. The early years of the new millennium have also witnessed

Security Plan for ABC Information Systems Research Paper

Security Plan for ABC Information Systems - Research Paper Example Security Plan for ABC Information Systems No. of words Unit name: Student’s name: Student number: Study Period: DECLARATION This project is an original one and not a duplicate from a different system. No duplication or any reproduction of this security plan information system document should be done without permission from the author. Candidate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Supervisor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Sign†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ... oldings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..14 Physical counter- measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Human counter- measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 Electronic counter- measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 Security education and awareness programme†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..19 Security Plan for ABC Information Systems Introduction An information system forms a fundamental component in the provision of communication services to human beings. Based on the definition, it is quite prevalent that the input of raw data, output and feedback are some of the components of an effective information system (Bentley & Whitton, 2007). According to the discipline of computer sciences and information technology, an information system can be defined as the combination of software, hardware, telecommunications, human resources, procedures and policies used in the organization to convert data to useful business information and databases. This paper will discuss a probable security plan for ABC information systems. Background information of ABC ABC has a well established security team which aims at overseeing the security of the information systems in both deliberate and accidental threats. The implementation and maintenance of information sys tems within organizations is extremely expensive. However, adequate planning enables the organization to develop an effective information system. Research asserts that most organizations spend approximately 6% of their total gross income in developing and maintaining an effective

Risk Factors for Colon Cancer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risk Factors for Colon Cancer - Research Paper Example In most cases a combination of inhibitors is necessary to maximize the efficacy of the drug treatment. The possible side-effects associated with these drugs is still under investigation. Thus at present the prognosis for colon cancer associated with obesity has been found to be poor, however the combinational use of inhibitors could change the current prognosis. Keywords: colon cancer, obesity, insulin, adipokines According to recent surveys colon cancer is the third most commonly occurring cancer in males and second in the case of females associated with a mortality rate of 608,700 (Chen, 2012). About 1.2 million people are diagnosed with this type of cancer every year (Whitlock, Gill, Birch, & Karmali, 2012). There are many causative factors involved in the pathogenesis of colon cancer which include environmental factors such as a high-fat/ low-fiber dietary intake, genetic factors such as inherited or cellular genetic mutations, life style changes such as smoking, physical inactiv ity and obesity (Chen, 2012; Ma, Yang, Wang, Zhang, Shi, Zou, & Qin, 2013). Studies have shown a strong link between obesity and the incidence of colon cancer. Obesity, which is measured as the body mass index, is on a rise over the past few decades all over the world. The World Health Organization estimates show that about 10% of the world population is clinically obese (Whitlock, Gill, Birch, & Karmali, 2012). Obesity is associated with an increased risk of type II diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and heart disease. These conditions increase the serum levels of cancer risk factors such as insulin, insulin-like growth-factor 1 (IGF-1), leptin, interleukin-6, 17 (IL-6, IL-17), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and decreases serum levels of adiponectin which is considered to indirectly protect against cancer (Chen, 2012; Van Kruijsdijk, van der Wall, & Visseren, 2009). The role of insulin and IGF-1 in the carcinogenic process has been supported by clinical studies. These factors in turn activate multiple signal pathways which can induce tumor growth. For example increased secretion of insulin and IGF-1 stimulate cancer growth by binding to their specific receptors and activate pathways that inhibit apoptosis and stimulate cell proliferation. IGF-1 stimulates the proliferation of cells by activating the signal pathways phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Ras/Raf mitogen activated protein kinase systems and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathways (STAT 3). IGF-1 is also involved in cell migration and invasion which favors cancer progression and metastasis (Chen, 2012; Van Kruijsdijk, van der Wall, & Visseren, 2009; Frezza, Wachtel, & Chiriva-Internati, 2006). Adipose tissue dysfunction in obese individuals plays a major role in promoting carcinogenesis by affecting important biochemical mechanisms such as insulin resistance, and production of adipokines and cytokines involved in inflammation. An increased leptin level which is secret ed by the adipocytes in obese individuals is associated with the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. The leptin hormone is known to promote mitogenesis, angiogenesis, and inflammation and inhibit apoptosis (Van Kruijsdijk, van der Wall, & Visseren, 2009; Frezza, Wachtel, & Chiriva-Internati, 2006). Obesity is also associated with decreased levels of adipone

Sociological Concepts of Stigma and Health Impacts

Sociological Concepts of Stigma and Health Impacts This essay is going to discuss the sociological idea of stigma and its effect on an individual, furthermore this essay will also define other concepts in relation to stigma such as the ‘Hidden Distress Model’. We will also discuss examples of this health illness in order to demonstrate the impact of stigmatization and their ‘Coping Strategies’. Moreover this essay will study how different individuals within society react to people with mental disabilities and other health illness for instance HIV and AIDS and how some individual in society find stigma more fearful than the condition they have been diagnosed in, for example a person who has been in a socially stigmatizing condition may feel discriminated and isolation and pain due to their illness. To address the issue of stigmatization, firstly it’s important to clarify whether or not there is a link between social integration and health. A study carried out by Berkman and Syme (1979) states the extent of individual’s integration within society has a significant effect on their health. In their research they identified two forms of ‘network scores’. They established that those with ‘low network scores’ had a higher mortality rate compared to those that had high ‘network scores’ (Nettleton 2006). Stigma refers to a negatively well-defined condition, attribute, trait or behaviour conferring a deviant status which is socially, culturally or historically not the same. (Gabe et al, 2004). The word stigma was defined by the Greeks, they used the term to refer to the bodily signs a person had this could be cuts or burns. They intended the term to those whom they believed to be socially outsiders such as slaves or criminals, mainly those who were unhygienic or diseased would be avoided by people. (Gabe et al, 2004) Goffman (1963) refers stigma as the difference between the virtual social identity, which is the stereotyped made in everyday life and the real social identity and stigma is the relationship between characteristics and stereotype. This two concepts – ‘Virtual Social Identity’ which is the stereotypes attributes we think we attain and ‘Actual Social Identity’ relates to the attributes an individual actually has. We will pay particular attention to Actual Social Identity, this concept is when a person actually possess the signs of a stigma. Goffman says that ‘stigma is a special kind of relationship between attribute and stereotype’, and therefore people get stigmatized for the reason that their illness is obvious, for instance if a patient is deaf, blind or unable to walk therefore in a wheelchair or uses a hearing aid, in society they are seen as being abnormal because they don’t have the abilities of a normal person and for that reason they are socially undesirable or inferior also Goffman (1963) states ‘people with such ‘abnormalities’ are said to be stigmatized’ (Armstrong, 2003, p.42) . Although some illnesses can be obvious others can be relatively concealed, however they can still feel and ‘experience ‘felt stigma’ because they still see’ themselves to be inferior and they feel they are hiding a discreditable part of their personality from the outside world’ (Scamber and Hopkins, 1986, cited in Armstrong, 2003, p.42). In todays society the term stigma is used to refer to an individual who is culturally unacceptable with any condition, characteristic or behaviour (Gabe et al, 2004). According to Goffman (1968) his ideas added felt and enacted stigma, the former is the feeling that we are being discriminated against and the latter is actually being stigmatised through discrimination. Goffman recognised three types of stigma that he explained as: Stigma of the body, which relates to blemishes or physical deformities; Stigma of character which relates to the mentally ill or criminals, and finally Stigma associated with social factors which can be either racial or tribal throughout different cultures. Goffman goes on to say that his types of stigma can vary differently between social, cultural or historical environments (Goffman 1963, cited in Gabe et al., 2004, p.69). While Goffman mentioned three types of stigma, Scambler mentioned two types of stigma. He combined his ideas in what he calls the ‘Hidden Distress Model’ which had been developed to explain the way in which an individual overcomes felt stigma in order to prevent experiences that play part of stigma. This, Scambler described it to be carried out by ‘Non-Disclosure’ which focuses attention on the fact that individuals would want to keep their condition from others in a hope to hide any information about their health condition and only will ever reveal their condition if it is necessary to do so. (Scambler, 2008). The approach of the ‘Hidden Distress Model’ explains the reasons of the concealment of a condition, it is that because of the fear of associated stigma, moreover felt stigma is very easily seen so that one can avoid the occurrence of enacted stigma. Experiencing strong felt stigma could lead to higher stress which then leads to putting the patient harder circumstances in order to control their illness, which later on makes their illness worse over time due to the energy released through the concealment of their condition. Moreover in relation to this Scambler (2008) states â€Å"Paradoxically, felt stigma is more disruptive of people’s lives and well-being than enacted stigma † he also says that felt stigma tends to increase the anxiety levels of an individual more so that enacted stigma. To apply these concepts in real life circumstances, we will present how the avoidance of enacted stigma through felt stigma can worsen risks of various health issues ultimately deteriorating their health condition. Research study carried out on HIV and AIDS, has shown that people with such stigma are only known to their doctors and many chose not to kept it a secret and to disclose this information because of the way society thinks of AIDS and HIV. Patient might decide to avoid routine checks or treatment in the hope that they will not experience enacted stigma from others, for instance when they are entering or exiting the sexual health clinic or attending local HIV screening tests because of the stigmatising assumptions that are related to HIV /AIDS such as being gay or heavy drug user (Lubkin and Larson, 2012). Additional example can be seen with women who is avoiding screening for the sexually transmitted disease called HIV and AIDS for the fear of other people acting unreasonabl y towards them because they feel that they will be judged against behaviour associated with a lot of sexual partners. (Lubkin and Larson, 2012). And because this is associated with the person fearful of being treated different or labelled. People may not always seek medical help for their stigma conditions because of their fears of being faced with enacted stigma, however Zola (1973 has looked in to the timing of when individuals may decide to seek medical help, and in he discovered that majority of the people wait and put up with their symptoms for a while before they actually choose to seek medical assistance. Research study carried out on HIV and AIDS, has shown that people with such stigma are only known to their doctors and many chose not to kept it a secret and to disclose this information because of the way society thinks of AIDS and HIV. As mentioned above avoidance of sexual health screening can lead to worsening health problems, a person with the health illnesses mentioned above could have life threatening diseases for the individual if he or she continue to express the ideas of the hidden distress model. There are many studies that prove that is stigma is based on social concept. This study suggests that stigma is more about social concept rather than a characteristic of an individual. Parker and Aggleton (2003) ‘point out, processes of stigmatization remain part and parcel of processes of power, domination and discrimination; what becomes stigmatized is bound up with usual norms and values. Therefore it is socialized, not an individual, concepts (Nettleton, 2006, p.96). Therefore this study says felt stigma is more powerful than any accrual episodes of enacted stigma and for that reason it makes people more stigmatized. Moving on to the concept of ‘Coping Strategies’ has been formed to explain the ways in which an individual copes with the effects of an illness. The term ‘coping’ refers to the â€Å"Cognitive processes whereby an individual learns to tolerate illness† and strategy relates to the actions people take in the face of illness (Bury 1991 cited in Nettleton 2006). The term coping is used to maintain the feeling of self-worth and a sense of belief during an illness (Gerhardt 1989 cited in Bury 1991). The thought of normalisation can be used in ‘coping’ with an illness; this can be expressed in two with in the ‘Coping Strategies’. The first is to supress any negativity related to the illness so that the person can maintain their own personal identity which they held prior to their diagnosis; the second is to look at normalisation in terms of treatment where the treatment routine should not be remote place so that the individual can integrate with other people and not be isolated (Kellecher 1988, cited in Bury 1991). Bury (1991) This further explains that it is the values of the individual that can determine how others respond to them in regards to their illness. The model of ‘strategy’ is the actions that are taken in order to ‘maximise favourable outcomes’. (Bury, 1991). Moreover how a person responds to health illness experience regarding their condition does determine the extent to which they perform their strategies, the more negative experience they have can develop greater awareness in their everyday lives so as to escape or reduce the experience of enacted stigma. The controlling of illness through the use of strategies can differ from the influence of social settings to the forms that are developed in order to deter any focus to the condition as well as achieving set goals so that they can maintain their own sense of value and their belief of what their everyday life requires. Goffman (1963) states that the way in which an individual copes with a stigmatising condition differs depending on the actual type of condition, he has specified two terms in relation to this – ‘discredited’ and ‘discreditable’; the first one is regarding an individual whose condition is widely known and the second refers to those whose condition is concealed. It’s described that those who have a discredited condition will find it harder to manage their stigma. There are three different ways in which an individual can cope their own stigmatising condition the first is ‘Passing’ this is where one would try to fit in to the society as ‘normal’ usually the stigmatised individuals would constantly try to conceal their condition because they do not want anyone else to know if their illness; and for those with felt stigma are more likely to choose the passing approach for instance an individual with hard of hearing condition may decide to not use the hearing aid so that they can ‘fit in’ more with the society (Lubkin and Larson, 2012; Armstrong, 2003). The second one is ‘Covering’ this refers to an individual with a discrediting attribute where they will try their utmost to conceal the significance of their stigmatising condition. (Goffman, 1963; Armstrong, 2003), in this situation the individual would try and take off the focus from his or her condition in order to avoid the experience of enacted stigma, the process could be amusing towards the situation which would reassure a less tense atmosphere making it to be more easy to manage (Lubkin and Larson, 2012). Stigma is the result of a reaction expressed through the society that ultimately spoils identity of unacceptable norms that affect the stigmatised individual in a negative way. (Gabe et al, 2004). Nettleton (2006) states â€Å"Stigma is not an attribute of individuals, but is rather a thoroughly social concept which is generated, sustained and reproduced in the context of social inequalities.† Some people are stigmatised because the part of the individual that is different is considered to be self-inflicted and in the ‘normal’ people’s eyes they are less worthy of help (Lubkin and Larson, 2012) Parsons (1951) describes illness as a deviance form the norm and he also perceives illness as capable of cracking the social structure as the sick are unable to accomplish their social role within society. It can be expected that when an individual is sick they respond on the reaction of others, while society responds depending on the nature of the illness. (Lemert, 1967) suggests that there is three stages of deviance and he identifies these as primary deviance, which is related to an actual defined of a state or behaviour, and he claims that inside the law an action that was seen to be normal can become illegal or deviant, moreover secondary deviance refers to ‘the changes in behaviour that occur as a consequence of labelling’, for instance the stress of being discriminated and stereotyped can make an individual’s behaviour change over time. And the last stage is Tertiary deviance, which is the stigmatised individual’s reaction to the stigma from others l eads to master status, for example categorising and stereotyping dominate individuals behaviours. Scambler (2008) mentions that social factors is a major factor, which has impact people’s behaviour when they faced with what they recognize and recognise to be danger to their health and well-being. Freidson (1970) draws ‘societal reaction’ (Nettleton, 2006, p.73) furthermore he argues that there is three types of legitimacy. The first legitimacy is the ‘cases where it is achievable for a person to recover from illness, so they can get treatment for their condition, in addition their access to the sick role is conditional, the second is the incurable condition and their access to the sick role must be unconditionally, due to the fact that person might not get well and the last one is the illness being stigmatized by others and access to the sick role is to be treated as illegitimate (Nettleton, 2006, p.73). According to Reidpath (2005) ‘ the fear of being stigmatized and subjected to discrimination many case some people to avoid or delay seeking medical help’ and this is because of fear, that people with stigmatized conditions feel socially isolated and often rejected moreover they are alienated in the society. For several stigmatized individuals, in order to to feel normal or socially accepted in the society they might join a talk group to form their own communities in order to meet people with similar issues (Armstrong, 2003). Many stigmatized people use copying mechanism in order to cope with their conditions and according to Goffman (1963) ‘a person with a stigmatizing condition could pursue several copying strategies that were largely based on the salience of the stigma he or her carried. Scamber and Hopkins (1986), cited in Scamber, 2008, p.210, they described individuals ‘fearing discrimination, tend to conceal their epilepsy each time possible Certain ways they appear as normal included covering up their illness, a person with discrediting behaviour has no opportunity to go about it as normal but can still try to reduce the signs of his or her stigma and alternative way of passing as normal is managing expectations. This will l will lead the person to withdrawing from society and their social life, in order to avoid embarrassment and shame. An example people with conditions such as epilepsy, or HIV/Aids are able to hide away their condition when out in community, from partners, family and friends but they still do end up feel some kind of felt stigma due to them hiding some parts of their characters, nevertheless the individual way of avoiding social response to their illness and this is an case of passing as normal, concealing and managing expectations. Peop le with stigma also get labelled unpleasant names such as handicap because they are being judged on their appearance and the abnormality they lack. Conclusion To conclude this essay, we agree with the idea of that felt stigma being more powerful than enacted stigma because individuals are more fearful of being stigmatized then the actually illness itself. This statement showed to be true by research studies that have been carried out this these areas. In this essay we have seen that before individuals are diagnosed with illness they prefer to hide from their illness and ignore their symptoms and refuse to seek medical attention they require also individuals develop fear of their community and the society because of their health condition, likewise they fear their family, friends look and treating them differently. We have also looked into in to some research on stigma, we recognise why people are more fearful about the health condition than the illness because in society we tend to judge and isolate individuals on how they appear to look, before we even personally know them, for instance people in a with wheelchair we label them disabled. As Scrambler and Hopkins 1989, says that people with stigmatized illnesses are essentially outcasts and this is because they are socially rejected from society, due to their signs or symptoms and we see them as inferior. Nettleton (2006) suggests that illness reminds us that the normal functioning of our minds and is important to social action and relations with others, and this an significant fact and part of the reason proves why people are more fearful about their condition because they believe that people will be looking at them differently, judging and discriminating against them before it even happens. In addition to that we think people with serious he alth condition sexually transmitted diseases for instance HIV and AIDS should not tell their condition to others, for their own protection because some people have strong views and opinion on these conditions and these condition are associated with having many sexual partners and unhygienic. Scheff (1966) suggests that mental illness is a product of society’s opinions and reaction to the individual’s illness, we do believe that society’s has developed ways of just labelling people with all sort of illnesses especially people who are mentally ill and they are labelled as crazy and therefore they are treated different to others and stigmatized. References Armstrong, D. (2003) Outline of Sociology as Applied to Medicine 5thed. London: Arnold Publishers Berkman, L. Syme, S. (1979) Social Networks, host resistance and mortality: a nine year follow up of Alameda County Residents. American Journal of Epidemiology 109 (2) pp. 186-204 Calnan, M. (1987) Health and illness. London: Tavistock Bury, M. (2005) Health and illness. Cambridge : Polity Press Bury, M, R. (1991) The Sociology of Chronic Illness: A Review of Research and Prospects’, Sociology of Health and Illness 13 (4) pp. 451-468 Gabe, J. Bury, M. Elston, A, M. (2004) Stigma, Key Concepts in Medical Sociology. London: Sage Publications pp. 68-69 Goffman, E. (1963) Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York: Simon Schuster Lubkin, M, I. Larson, D, P. (2012) Chronic Illness: Impact and Intervention Eighth Edition. Burlington: Jones and Bartlett Learning. Nettleton, S. (2006) The Sociology of Health and Illness. Cambridge: Polity Press. Scambler, G. (2008) Sociology as Applied to Medicine (eds.). Elsevier Limited.

monkey :: essays research papers

KrZyAzNnBoI: i understand DevilsInMePants: + my lil bro needs to help me w/it DevilsInMePants: i might brack it KrZyAzNnBoI: oo KrZyAzNnBoI: ic ic DevilsInMePants: and hes doin somethin eles right DevilsInMePants: ill c if he'll come help me DevilsInMePants: and ill good find a ok pic DevilsInMePants: but ill b all dressed up and stuff DevilsInMePants: so brb KrZyAzNnBoI: k DevilsInMePants: hi DevilsInMePants: this is Jesse bro KrZyAzNnBoI: sup DevilsInMePants: Jessi will b back she is lookin 4 a pic KrZyAzNnBoI: koolz KrZyAzNnBoI: 8 36 KrZyAzNnBoI: oops KrZyKrZyAzNnBoI: wrong box DevilsInMePants: ok DevilsInMePants: okok me bavk DevilsInMePants: back KrZyAzNnBoI: kool KrZyAzNnBoI: got a pic yetz? DevilsInMePants: yaya KrZyAzNnBoI: koolhow monkeys live on a fram. DevilsInMePants: back KrZyAzNnBoI: kool KrZyAzNnBoI: got a pic yetz? DevilsInMePants: yaya KrZyAzNnBoI: kool DevilsInMePants: there was a gurl in the pic w/ me but i cut her out KrZyAzNnBoI: o KrZyAzNnBoI: okies KrZyAzNnBoI: just sne dme the nice pic DevilsInMePants: my bro is fuckin around w/ the pic now KrZyAzNnBoI: damn DevilsInMePants: + we have to put it onto a disk KrZyAzNnBoI: o KrZyAzNnBoI: but u can just save t on ur comp KrZyAzNnBoI: and then delete it after u send it to me DevilsInMePants: no because we have the scaner on a diff computer KrZyAzNnBoI: o KrZyAzNnBoI: my badz DevilsInMePants: its ok u didnt kno KrZyAzNnBoI: aitezzz DevilsInMePants: im scared KrZyAzNnBoI: y? DevilsInMePants: because DevilsInMePants: i a shy preson KrZyAzNnBoI: y u shy for? DevilsInMePants: i dont think will like my pic KrZyAzNnBoI: y notz KrZyAzNnBoI: i haven't even seen it yetz KrZyAzNnBoI: and u already think i be that judgmental DevilsInMePants: i kno DevilsInMePants: but KrZyAzNnBoI: ...? DevilsInMePants: no i dont think u r judgmental it just that DevilsInMePants: i kno u havent seen it yet that is wat i was talkin about DevilsInMePants: 1 min. KrZyAzNnBoI: ok DevilsInMePants: His is James do you have paint for the computer KrZyAzNnBoI: huh DevilsInopen the file u saved ur pic on